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A nephrologist specializes in the health needs of people with kidney diseases and disorders. Nephrologists diagnose and treat kidney problems, such as kidney stones and kidney failure. They also help manage the conditions that kidney diseases can cause, such as high blood pressure.

A nephrologist typically:

• Evaluates a patient’s medical history and kidney function

• Diagnoses and treats acute and chronic diseases and conditions that affect the kidneys including high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes, kidney disease, kidney failure, and kidney stones

• Evaluates whether a person with kidney disease needs dialysis or a kidney transplant

• Orders and performs kidney dialysis procedures

• Analyzes the results of kidney disease screenings including urine tests, blood tests, and biopsies

• Orders and interprets laboratory and imaging tests and prescribes medications

• Provides care before and after kidney transplants and other kidney surgeries

• Creates lifestyle plans for helping patients maintain their kidney function including dietary and medication changes

• Oversees healthcare professionals who help patients manage their kidney conditions, such as surgeons, nutritionists, occupational therapists, physical therapists, and social workers

Nephrologists may also be known by the following names: kidney doctor, renal specialist, or kidney specialist.