Urology pertains to diagnosing and treating disorders of the urinary tract or urogenital system. The urinary tract consists of organs and tubes that produce and excrete urine. The urogenital system refers to the organs and functions involved in excretion and reproduction.

Physicians in this specialty treat patients suffering from numerous diseases and illnesses, but some of the most common are incontinence, impotency, sterilization, sexual dysfunctions, kidney stones, infertility, bladder disorders, benign prostatic hyperplasia (bph), benign prostatic hyperplasia, urinary tract infection, prostate cancer, erectile dysfunction (impotence), prostatitis, male infertility, urinary incontinence, testicular cancer, bladder cancer, cystitis, frequent urination, and bladder stones.

Once properly diagnosed, practitioners can perform numerous procedures on patients including seed implant (brachtherapy), circumcision, vasectomy, non-incisional sterilization, brachytherapy, lithotripsy, kidney biopsy, bladder reconstruction, prostate biopsy, nerve-sparing prostatectomy, kidney transplantation, cryosurgical treatment, robot-assisted nephrectomy and prostatectomy, retrograde pyelogram, and radical perineal prostatectomy.

To diagnose patients with possible illnesses and diseases, specialists will often perform one of many tests including computed tomography (ct or cat) scan of the kidney, kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray, cystoscopy, kidney ultrasound, uroflowmetry, cystometry, kidney scan, intravenous pyelogram, retrograde cystography, renal venogram, prostate / rectal sonogram, retrograde pyelogram, cystography, uroscopy, renal angiogram, and antegrade pyelogram.

Doctor density varies by specialty and location. The United States has 12,487 practicing urologists. Broken out by state, urology doctor density in Alabama is 181, in Alaska is 22, in Arizona is 228, in Arkansas is 109, in California is 1,322, in Colorado is 175, in Connecticut is 170, in Delaware is 42, in District of Columbia is 66, in Florida is 802, in Georgia is 322, in Hawaii is 46, in Idaho is 44, in Illinois is 520, in Indiana is 257, in Iowa is 129, in Kansas is 122, in Kentucky is 169, in Louisiana is 230, in Maine is 59, in Maryland is 281, in Massachusetts is 338, in Michigan is 388, in Minnesota is 247, in Mississippi is 124, in Missouri is 234, in Montana is 33, in Nebraska is 74, in Nevada is 73, in New Hampshire is 63, in New Jersey is 434, in New Mexico is 67, in New York is 962, in North Carolina is 363, in North Dakota is 42, in Ohio is 478, in Oklahoma is 132, in Oregon is 152, in Pennsylvania is 576, in Rhode Island is 57, in South Carolina is 185, in South Dakota is 39, in Tennessee is 297, in Texas is 823, in Utah is 69, in Vermont is 35, in Virginia is 318, in Washington is 244, in West Virginia is 94, in Wisconsin is 255, and in Wyoming is 32.